Growing in deciduous broad-leaved forests at an altitude of 1,200—3,400 m, on limestones. In Chongqing, SE Gansu, W Hubei, S Shaanxi, C & S Sichuan, and NE Yunnan; endemic to China
Paeonia mairei is a very distinct species with no close relatives evident. It is characterised by caudate-acuminate or acuminate leaflets/leaf segments, conspicuous styles, single stems, and plants that are always entirely glabrous except for the carpels. The presence of indumentum on the carpels is unique in the whole genus.
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